What is the reservoir for typhoid fever?

Humans are the only reservoir for Salmonella typhi (which is the most serious), whereas Salmonella paratyphi also has animal reservoirs. Humans can carry the bacteria in the gut for very long times (chronic carriers), and transmit the bacteria to other persons (either directly or via food or water contamination).

Moreover, what is the portal of exit for typhoid fever?

Portal of Exit, Route of Infection, and Source Feces represent the major portal of exit of Salmonella Typhi, although shedding in urine has also been documented [8]. Salmonella Typhi may be shed in the stool or urine during and following both clinical and subclinical acute infection.

Furthermore, what is the incubation period for typhoid fever? Incubation period for Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi. The incubation differs for typhoid and paratyphoid fever: The incubation period for typhoid fever is usually 8–14 days, but this depends on the infective dose and can vary from 3 days to 1 month.

Accordingly, where is typhoid fever most common in the world?

Typhoid fever is most common in non-industrialized countries. Travelers to Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe, and Latin America are especially at risk. How is typhoid fever spread? Salmonella typhi bacteria are shed in the urine or stool of infected persons, including chronic carriers.

What are the stages of typhoid fever?

There are four clinical stages of enteric fever, each roughly one weak, though not all (or any) stages need present in a particular infection. The first stage, when infection is symptomatic, may include malaise, dry coughing, headache, myalgia, and a fever of steadily increasing temperature.

14 Related Question Answers Found

Which stage of infection is most contagious?

In some cases, a person is contagious during the incubation period, while in others the person is not contagious until the illness begins. The amount of time a child remains contagious depends on the infection and the child.

What are the six stages of infection?

The six links include: the infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host. The way to stop germs from spreading is by interrupting this chain at any link.

What is the most effective way to prevent infection?

Hand washing is the single most effective way to prevent the spread of infections. You can spread certain “germs” (a general term for microbes like viruses and bacteria) casually by touching another person.

What is the cycle of infection?

The chain of infection, if we think of it as an actual chain, is made up of six different links: pathogen (infectious agent), reservoir, portal of exit, means of transmission, portal of entry, and the new host. Each link has a unique role in the chain, and each can be interrupted, or broken, through various means.

What makes a host susceptible to disease?

After an infectious agent gets inside the body it has to multiply in order to cause the disease. In some hosts, infection leads to the disease developing, but in others it does not. Individuals who are likely to develop a communicable disease after exposure to the infectious agents are called susceptible hosts.

What is a portal of entry?

Definition. A portal of entry is the site through which micro-organisms enter the susceptible host and cause disease/infection. Infectious agents enter the body through various portals, including the mucous membranes, the skin, the respiratory and the gastrointestinal tracts.

What is a portal of exit?

A portal of exit is the site from where micro-organisms leave the host to enter another host and cause disease/infection. For example, a micro-organism may leave the reservoir through the nose or mouth when someone sneezes or coughs, or in faeces.

What is the chain of infection for Salmonella?

Salmonella is spread by the fecal-oral route and can be transmitted by • food and water, • by direct animal contact, and • rarely from person-to-person. An estimated 94% of salmonellosis is transmitted by food. Humans usually become infected by eating foods contaminated with feces from an infected animal.

How long does typhoid stay in your body?

It is usually between seven and fourteen days, but can be as short as three days, or as long as 30 days. Untreated, the illness usually lasts for three to four weeks, but may be longer in a small number of cases. Symptoms vary from mild to severe and life-threatening.

Why typhoid comes again and again?

Typhoid is caused by the bacteria S. typhi and spread through food, drinks, and drinking water that are contaminated with infected fecal matter. Others continue to harbor the bacteria after their symptoms have gone. Sometimes, the disease can appear again.

What are the long term effects of typhoid fever?

The classic presentation is fever, malaise, diffuse abdominal pain, and constipation. Untreated typhoid fever may progress to delirium, obtundation, intestinal hemorrhage, bowel perforation, and death within 1 month of onset. Survivors may be left with long-term or permanent neuropsychiatric complications.

What should be the diet during typhoid?

Instead, serve packaged foods or meals that are freshly cooked and served steaming hot. Avoid raw food. Avoid raw, unpeeled fruits and vegetables that may have been washed with contaminated water, especially lettuce and fruits like berries that can’t be peeled.

Is coconut water good for typhoid?

People who have typhoid, malaria, fevers or other ailments that are known to induce vomiting, drink coconut water to settle the stomach. As such, coconut water is also a good thing to drink during a hangover.

Which part is affected by typhoid?

Persons with typhoid fever carry the bacteria in their bloodstream and intestinal tract. Symptoms include prolonged high fever, fatigue, headache, nausea, abdominal pain, and constipation or diarrhoea. Some patients may have a rash. Severe cases may lead to serious complications or even death.

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